HPE6-A78 Exam Dumps - Aruba Certified Network Security Associate Exam

Devices use the Diffie-Hellman exchange to agree on a shared secret in a secure manner over an insecure network. The main purpose of this cryptographic protocol is to enable two parties to establish a shared secret over an unsecured communication channel. This shared secret can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric key cipher. The Diffie-Hellman exchange is particularly valuable because it allows the secure exchange of cryptographic keys over a public channel without the need for a prior shared secret. This protocol is a foundational element for many secure communications protocols, including SSL/TLS, which is used to secure connections on the internet. References to the Diffie-Hellman protocol and its uses can be found in standard cryptographic textbooks and documentation such as those from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and security protocol specifications.

Adding Aruba Airwave to an Aruba solution that includes a Mobility Master (MM), Mobility Controllers (MCs), and campus APs offers several benefits, notably in the realm of network forensics. One of the significant advantages is that Airwave can retain detailed information about the network for much longer periods than what is typically possible with just ArubaOS solutions. This extensive data retention is crucial for forensic analysis, allowing network administrators and security professionals to conduct thorough investigations of past incidents. With access to historical data, professionals can identify trends, pinpoint security breaches, and understand the impact of specific changes or events within the network over time.

References:

• Aruba's official product documentation and user guides for Airwave and ArubaOS, which outline features, benefits, and use cases related to network management and forensic capabilities.
• Industry case studies and whitepapers that discuss the implementation and advantages of integrating Airwave into existing network infrastructure for enhanced monitoring and security.

A common method for hackers to perform a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack on a wireless network is by ARP poisoning. The attacker connects to the same network as the victim and sends false ARP messages over the network. This causes the victim's device to send traffic to the attacker's machine instead of the legitimate destination, allowing the attacker to intercept the traffic.

WPA3-Personal enhances security over WPA2-Personal by implementing individualized data encryption. This feature, known as Wi-Fi Enhanced Open, provides each user's session with a unique encryption key, even if they are using the same network passphrase. This prevents an authenticated user from eavesdropping on the traffic of other users on the same network, thus enhancing privacy and security.References:

• Wi-Fi Alliance WPA3-Personal security improvements documentation

In the context of ArubaOS Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (WIP), an authorized client is defined as a client that has successfully authenticated to an authorized Access Point (AP) and has passed encrypted traffic. This ensures that only clients which have been verified and authenticated according to the network's security policies are allowed to access network resources. Authentication typically involves credentials that are validated by a server, confirming the client's right to access the network securely.References:

• ArubaOS Wireless Intrusion Prevention System configuration and management guidelines.

If Access-Reject records are not showing up in the CPPM Access Tracker, one action you can take is to ensure that the CPPM cluster settings are configured to display Access-Rejects. Cluster-wide settings in CPPM can affect which records are visible in Access Tracker. Ensuring that these settings are correctly configured will allow you to view all relevant authentication records, including Access-Rejects.

References:

• ClearPass Policy Manager documentation that includes information on cluster settings and Access Tracker configurations.
• Troubleshooting guides for ClearPass that provide steps to resolve issues with viewing authentication records.

The ArubaOS firewall is a stateful firewall, meaning that it can track the state of active sessions and can make decisions based on the context of the traffic. This stateful inspection capability allows it to automatically allow return traffic for sessions that it has permitted, thereby enabling seamless two-way communication for authorized users while maintaining the security posture of the network.References:

• ArubaOS firewall documentation.

Based on the exhibit, which shows the settings on the company's Mobility Controllers (MCs), with 'Control Plane Security' enabled and 'Enable auto cert provisioning' available, new Aruba 335-APs require approval on the MC to become managed. This is commonly done by adding the APs to an authorized AP whitelist, after which they can be automatically provisioned with certificates generated by the MC.

The main distinction between a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack and a traditional Denial of Service (DoS) attack is that a DDoS attack is launched from multiple devices, whereas a DoS attack originates from a single device. This distinction is critical because the distributed nature of a DDoS attack makes it more difficult to mitigate. Multiple attacking sources can generate a higher volume of malicious traffic, overwhelming the target more effectively than a single source, as seen in a DoS attack. DDoS attacks exploit a variety of devices across the internet, often coordinated using botnets, to flood targets with excessive requests, leading to service degradation or complete service denial.

References:

• Cybersecurity texts and resources that differentiate between types of denial of service attacks.
• Technical documentation and analysis of DDoS tactics, which illustrate how botnets and other distributed systems are employed to execute attacks.

With ArubaOS-CX switches, the use of ClearPass Policy Manager (CPPM) as a TACACS+ server for authentication is supported. The privilege levels assigned by CPPM will translate onto the switches, where the "manager" privilege level typically maps to administrative capabilities and the "operator" privilege level maps to more limited capabilities. ArubaOS-CX does support standard TACACS+ privilege levels, so administrators can be assigned appropriately. If the ClearPass policies are correctly configured, they will work for both ArubaOS-Switches and ArubaOS-CX switches. The distinction between the "administrators" and "operators" groups is inherent in the ArubaOS-CX role-based access control, and these default groups need to be appropriately mapped to the TACACS+ privilege levels assigned by CPPM.

When setting up VLANs for a wireless solution with an Aruba Mobility Master (MM), Aruba Mobility Controllers (MCs), and campus APs (CAPs), it is recommended to use wireless user roles to assign devices to different VLANs. This allows for greater flexibility and control over network resources and policies applied to different user groups. Wireless user roles can dynamically assign devices to the appropriate VLAN based on a variety of criteria such as user identity, device type, location, and the resources they need to access. This approach aligns with the ArubaOS features that leverage user roles for network access control, as detailed in Aruba's configuration and administration guides.

ArubaOS-Switches can use sFlow technology to sample network traffic and send the samples to a collector, such as ClearPass Policy Manager (CPPM), for analysis. sFlow can be configured to capture various types of traffic, including HTTP, which typically contains User-Agent strings that can be used for device fingerprinting and classification.

To support the requirement for using HTTP User-Agent strings to classify endpoints, the switches would need to be configured to send sFlow samples containing HTTP traffic to CPPM. CPPM would then analyze these samples and use the User-Agent strings to classify the devices.

Therefore, the correct action to configure ArubaOS-Switches would involve:

• Configuring CPPM as the sFlow collector on the switches.
• Enabling sFlow on the edge ports that connect to endpoints.

This approach allows the network traffic to be analyzed by CPPM without requiring any additional mirroring or redirection of traffic, which would be resource-intensive and potentially disruptive to network performance.

In the context of digital forensics, policy A is the most relevant. It defines which data should be logged, where logs should be forwarded for analysis or storage, and which logs should be archived for future forensic analysis or audit purposes. This ensures that evidence is preserved in a way that supports forensic activities.

When implementing wireless containment as a response to unauthorized devices, a company should consider the legal implications. Wireless containment might affect devices that are not part of the company's network and could be considered as a form of interference. This could have legal consequences, and therefore, such actions should be carefully reviewed and ideally should be performed in a targeted and controlled manner, reducing the risk of legal issues.

For an ArubaOS-CX switch enforcing 802.1X on a port without any fallback options or port-access roles configured, and where the supplicant on the connected client has not completed authentication, the only type of traffic the authenticator accepts from the client is EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). EAP is a universal authentication framework used in 802.1X for message exchange during the authentication process. The switch allows EAP packets because they are necessary for the client and the authentication server to perform the authentication process. This is standard behavior for 802.1X authenticators, which is to permit EAP traffic to pass through even before authentication is successful to facilitate the authentication exchange. This information is supported by the IEEE 802.1X standard and ArubaOS-CX security configuration guides.

Social engineering in the context of network security refers to the techniques used by hackers to manipulate individuals into breaking normal security procedures and best practices to gain unauthorized access to systems, networks, or physical locations, or for financial gain. Hackers use various forms of deception to trick employees into handing over confidential or personal information that can be used for fraudulent purposes. This definition encompasses phishing attacks, pretexting, baiting, and other manipulative techniques designed to exploit human psychology. Unlike other hacking methods that rely on technical means, social engineering targets the human element of security. References to social engineering, its methods, and defense strategies are commonly found in security training manuals, cybersecurity awareness programs, and authoritative resources like those from the SANS Institute or cybersecurity agencies.

ClearPass Policy Manager (CPPM) uses various methods to classify endpoints, and one of them is TCP fingerprinting, which involves analyzing TCP/IP packets to identify the type of device or operating system sending them. To utilize TCP fingerprinting capabilities, network traffic needs to be accessible to the CPPM. This can be done by mirroring traffic to CPPM’s span port from a device that can see the traffic, like a core routing switch. This approach allows CPPM to observe the TCP characteristics of devices as they communicate over the network, enabling it to make more accurate decisions for device classification.

Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) provides encrypted communications on open Wi-Fi networks, which addresses the company's desire to have encryption without requiring a password for guests. It can work in transition mode, which allows for the use of OWE by clients that support it, while still permitting legacy clients to connect without encryption. Combining this with a captive portal enables the desired welcome web page for guests to log in.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) can indeed be exploited to conduct various types of attacks, most notably ARP spoofing/poisoning. Gratuitous ARP is a special kind of ARP message which is used by an IP node to announce or update its IP to MAC mapping to the entire network. A hacker can abuse this by sending out gratuitous ARP messages pretending to associate the IP address of the router (default gateway) with their own MAC address. This results in traffic that was supposed to go to the router being sent to the attacker instead, thus potentially enabling the attacker to intercept, modify, or block traffic.

Without the integration of Aruba ClearPass or other advanced network access control solutions, ArubaOS devices (controllers and Instant APs) are able to use DHCP fingerprinting to assign roles to clients. This method allows the devices to identify the type of client devices connecting to the network based on the DHCP requests they send. While this is a more basic form of endpoint classification compared to the capabilities provided by ClearPass, it still enables some level of access control based on device type. This functionality and its limitations are described in Aruba's product documentation for ArubaOS devices, highlighting the benefits of integrating a full-featured solution like ClearPass for more granular and powerful endpoint classification capabilities.

When a browser, like Chrome, is validating a web server's certificate, it uses the public key in the certificate's signing authority to verify the certificate's digital signature. In the case of the exhibit, the browser would use the public key in the DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA certificate to check the signature of the Arubapedia web server's certificate. This process ensures that the certificate was indeed issued by the claimed Certificate Authority (CA) and has not been tampered with.

References:

• Browser security documentation and SSL/TLS standards that explain the certificate validation process.
• Cybersecurity educational resources that cover the principles of public key infrastructure (PKI) and certificate validation.

In the context of the ArubaOS Security Dashboard, if the goal is to find company clients that have connected to devices potentially operated by hackers, you would look for a client that is classified as 'Interfering' (indicating a security threat) while being connected to an 'AP Classification: Rogue'. A rogue AP is one that is not under the control of network administrators and is considered malicious or a security threat. Therefore, the client fitting this description is:

• MAC address: d8:50:e6:f3:70:ab; Client Classification: Interfering; AP Classification: Rogue

Phishing is a type of social engineering attack where an attacker impersonates a trusted entity to deceive people into providing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers. An example of phishing is when an attacker sends emails posing as a service team member or a legitimate organization with the intention of getting users to disclose their passwords or other confidential information. These emails often contain links to fake websites that look remarkably similar to legitimate ones, tricking users into entering their details.References:

• Cybersecurity guidelines on identifying and preventing phishing attacks.

To differentiate access control for faculty and students, the best approach is to use roles. By creating two roles - "faculty" and "student" - and applying the appropriate firewall policies to each, the university can enforce different access rules for each group. This is more efficient than managing multiple VLANs or WLANs because it allows for role-based access control, which is directly tied to user identity rather than just IP addresses or the network they are connected to.QUESTION NO: 105

The monitoring admin has asked you to set up an ArubaOS-Switch to meet these criteria:

• Send logs to a SIEM Syslog server at 10.4.13.15 at the standard UDP port (514)

• Send a log for all events at the "warning" level or above

The switch did not have any "logging" configuration on it. You then entered this command:

ArubaOS-Switch(config)# logging 10.4.13.15 udp

What should you do to finish configuring to the requirements?

A. Add categories (system-modules) at the global level.

B. Specify "warning" as the global level.

C. Ask for the Syslog password and configure it on the switch.

D. Configure logging as a debug destination.

Answer: B

To set up an ArubaOS-Switch to send logs to a SIEM syslog server at the specified criteria, you would need to specify the level of events that should be logged. Since the requirement is to log all events at the "warning" level or above, you should specify the syslog level after the logging server IP and port. The command should look like this:

ArubaOS-Switch(config)# logging 10.4.13.15 ArubaOS-Switch(config)# logging trap warning

This would set up the switch to send logs to the syslog server at the IP address 10.4.13.15 using the default UDP port (514), for all events at the "warning" level or above.

In a WLAN setup that uses 802.1X for authentication, the role assigned to a user is determined by the result of the authentication process. When a user successfully authenticates via 802.1X, the RADIUS server may include a Vendor-Specific Attribute (VSA), such as the Aruba-User-Role, in the Access-Accept message. This attribute specifies the role that should be assigned to the user. If the RADIUS Access-Accept message includes an Aruba-User-Role VSA set to "employee1", the client should be assigned the "employee1" role, as per the VSA, and not the default "guest" role. The "guest" role would typically be a fallback if no other role is specified or if the authentication fails.

In SNMPv3, security is paramount and each SNMP entity (client or agent) needs to have a user with a security name (username) and optionally, a security level which determines whether authentication and encryption are used. When configuring SNMPv3 users on network infrastructure devices, it is essential to match the username, authentication (auth) algorithm, authentication key (auth key), privacy (priv) algorithm, and privacy key (priv key) exactly as they are configured on the SNMP server to ensure successful communication.

This is because the SNMPv3 security model relies on a combination of a username and a pair of keys (authentication and privacy keys) to uniquely identify and secure communication between the agent and the manager. The keys are used to verify the integrity (auth key) and confidentiality (priv key) of the messages. Using the same algorithms ensures that the messages can be properly encrypted and decrypted on both ends.

In the context of an Aruba Mobility Controller (MC) configuration, a client will receive the default role assignment if they have passed 802.1X authentication and the authentication server did not send an Aruba-User-Role Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA). The default role is assigned by the MC when a client successfully authenticates but the authentication server provides no specific role instruction. This behavior ensures that a client is not left without any role assignment, which could potentially lead to a lack of network access or access control. This default role assignment mechanism is part of Aruba's role-based access control, as documented in the ArubaOS user guide and best practices.

Control Plane Policing (CoPP) on Aruba switches is used to mitigate Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on the switch. CoPP allows network administrators to restrict the impact of control plane traffic on the switch's CPU, thereby protecting network stability and integrity. By setting rate limits and specifying allowed traffic types, administrators can prevent malicious or malformed packets from overwhelming the switch's control plane, which could otherwise lead to a DoS condition and potentially disrupt network operations. This use case of CoPP is detailed in Aruba's network management documentation, where best practices and configurations to protect against DoS attacks are discussed.