CISSP Exam Dumps - Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)

Encryption in transit is a method that could be used to prevent passive attacks against secure voice communications between an organization and its vendor. Encryption in transit is a technique that encrypts the data while it is being transmitted over a network, such as the Internet, a phone line, or a wireless connection. Encryption in transit can protect the data from eavesdropping, interception, or modification by unauthorized parties, such as passive attackers who monitor the network traffic. Encryption in transit can be achieved by using protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Shell (SSH), or Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), which provide encryption, authentication, and integrity for the data. The other options are not methods that could be used to prevent passive attacks against secure voice communications, as they either do not encrypt the data, do not apply to voice communications, or do not address the passive attacks. References: CISSP - Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Domain 4. Communication and Network Security, 4.2 Secure network components, 4.2.1 Establish secure communication channels, 4.2.1.1 Cryptography used to maintain communication security; CISSP Exam Outline, Domain 4. Communication and Network Security, 4.2 Secure network components, 4.2.1 Establish secure communication channels, 4.2.1.1 Cryptography used to maintain communication security

 As a design principle, the cloud consumer is the actor that is responsible for identifying and approving data security requirements in a cloud ecosystem. A cloud ecosystem is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent components that provide cloud services and solutions to the users and customers. A cloud ecosystem consists of different actors, such as cloud provider, cloud consumer, cloud broker, or cloud auditor, that have different roles and responsibilities in the cloud ecosystem. The cloud consumer is the actor that uses the cloud services or solutions provided by the cloud provider or the cloud broker. The cloud consumer is responsible for identifying and approving data security requirements in a cloud ecosystem, because:

• The cloud consumer owns and controls the data that is stored, processed, or transmitted in the cloud ecosystem, and therefore, the cloud consumer has the authority and accountability for the data security requirements.
• The cloud consumer knows and understands the data classification, sensitivity, and value of the data that is stored, processed, or transmitted in the cloud ecosystem, and therefore, the cloud consumer can determine the appropriate data security requirements.
• The cloud consumer has the obligation and liability to comply with the data security regulations, standards, and best practices that apply to the data that is stored, processed, or transmitted in the cloud ecosystem, and therefore, the cloud consumer can define the relevant data security requirements. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 3: Security Architecture and Engineering, Section: Cloud Computing, pp. 147-148.

 Logical access controls are the policies, procedures, and mechanisms that regulate who can access an information asset and what actions they can perform on it. The primary goal of logical access controls is to restrict access to an information asset based on the principle of least privilege, which means that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Ensuring integrity, restricting physical access, and ensuring availability are also important goals of information security, but they are not the primary goal of logical access controls. References: [CISSP CBK Reference, 5th Edition, Chapter 5, page 263]; [CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 8th Edition, Chapter 5, page 235]

The most important factor when determining appropriate countermeasures for an identified risk is the organizational risk tolerance, which is the level of risk that the organization is willing to accept or reject. The risk tolerance reflects the organization’s mission, objectives, culture, and values, and influences the selection and implementation of security controls. The risk tolerance also helps to balance the cost and benefit of the countermeasures, as well as the interaction with existing controls and the availability of patches. References: CISSP domain 1: Security and risk management, Risk management concepts and the CISSP (part 1), Learn About the Different Types of Risk Analysis in CISSP, Risk Response, countermeasures, considerations and controls, The 8 CISSP Domains Explained

Single Sign-On (SSO) is a feature that allows a user to authenticate once and access multiple applications or services without having to re-enter their credentials. SSO improves the user experience and reduces the password management burden for both users and administrators. SSO is a common feature of Identity as a Service (IDaaS) solutions, which are cloud-based services that provide identity and access management capabilities to organizations. IDaaS solutions typically support various SSO protocols and standards, such as Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), OpenID Connect (OIDC), OAuth, and Kerberos, to enable seamless and secure integration with different applications and services, both on-premises and in the cloud. 

 The activity that is part of the data analysis phase when conducting a security assessment of access controls is to categorize and identify evidence gathered during the audit. A security assessment of access controls is a process that evaluates the effectiveness and compliance of the access controls implemented in a system or an organization. A security assessment of access controls typically consists of four phases: planning, data collection, data analysis, and reporting. The data analysis phase is the phase where the collected data is processed, interpreted, and evaluated, based on the audit objectives, criteria, and standards. The data analysis phase involves activities such as categorizing and identifying evidence gathered during the audit, which means sorting and labeling the data according to their type, source, and relevance, and verifying their validity, reliability, and sufficiency. Presenting solutions to address audit exceptions, conducting statistical sampling of data transactions, and collecting logs and reports are not activities that are part of the data analysis phase, but of the reporting, data collection, and data collection phases, respectively. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 1: Security and Risk Management, page 75; Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 1: Security and Risk Management, page 67.

A characteristic of an internal audit is that management is responsible for reading and acting upon the internal audit results. An internal audit is an independent and objective evaluation or assessment of the internal controls, processes, or activities of an organization, performed by a group of auditors or professionals who are part of the organization, such as the internal audit department or the audit committee. An internal audit can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the accuracy and the reliability of the operations, preventing or detecting fraud or errors, and supporting the audit and the compliance activities. An internal audit can involve various steps and roles, such as:

• Planning, which is the preparation or the design of the internal audit, by the internal auditor or the audit team, who are responsible for conducting or performing the internal audit. Planning includes defining the objectives, scope, criteria, and methodology of the internal audit, as well as identifying and analyzing the risks and the stakeholders of the internal audit.
• Execution, which is the implementation or the performance of the internal audit, by the internal auditor or the audit team, who are responsible for collecting and evaluating the evidence or the data related to the internal audit, using various tools and techniques, such as interviews, observations, tests, or surveys.
• Reporting, which is the communication or the presentation of the internal audit results, by the internal auditor or the audit team, who are responsible for preparing and delivering the internal audit report, which contains the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the internal audit, to the management or the audit committee, who are the primary users or recipients of the internal audit report.
• Follow-up, which is the verification or the validation of the internal audit results, by the management or the audit committee, who are responsible for reading and acting upon the internal audit report, as well as by the internal auditor or the audit team, who are responsible for monitoring and reviewing the actions taken by the management or the audit committee, based on the internal audit report.

Management is responsible for reading and acting upon the internal audit results, as they are the primary users or recipients of the internal audit report, and they have the authority and the accountability to implement or execute the recommendations or the improvements suggested by the internal audit report, as well as to report or disclose the internal audit results to the external parties, such as the regulators, the shareholders, or the customers. An internal audit is typically shorter in duration than an external audit, the internal audit schedule is published to the organization well in advance, and the internal auditor reports to the audit committee are not characteristics of an internal audit, although they may be related or possible aspects of an internal audit. An internal audit is typically shorter in duration than an external audit, as it is performed by a group of auditors or professionals who are part of the organization, and who have more familiarity and access to the internal controls, processes, or activities of the organization, compared to a group of auditors or professionals who are outside the organization, and who have less familiarity and access to the internal controls, processes, or activities of the organization. However, an internal audit is typically shorter in duration than an external audit is not a characteristic of an internal audit, as it is not a defining or a distinguishing feature of an internal audit, and it may vary depending on the type or the nature of the internal audit, such as the objectives, scope, criteria, or methodology of the internal audit. The internal audit schedule is published to the organization well in advance, as it is a good practice or a technique that can help to ensure the transparency and the accountability of the internal audit, as well as to facilitate the coordination and the cooperation of the internal audit stakeholders, such as the management, the audit committee, the internal auditor, or the audit team. 

Before performing the next step in an incident response, it must be considered or evaluated that removing the server from the network may prevent catching the intruder who has planted a backdoor. This is because the intruder may still be connected to the server or may try to reconnect later, and disconnecting the server may alert the intruder or lose the opportunity to trace the intruder’s source or identity. Therefore, it may be better to isolate the server from the network or monitor the network traffic to gather more evidence and information about the intruder. Notifying law enforcement, identifying who executed the incident, and copying the contents of the hard drive are not the factors that must be considered or evaluated before performing the next step, as they are either irrelevant or premature at this stage of the incident response. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 8: Software Development Security, page 973; Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 8: Security Operations, page 1019.