CISSP Exam Dumps - Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)

Code review is the technique that would minimize the ability of an attacker to exploit a buffer overflow. A buffer overflow is a type of vulnerability that occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer than it can hold, causing the data to overwrite the adjacent memory locations, such as the return address or the stack pointer. An attacker can exploit a buffer overflow by injecting malicious code or data into the buffer, and altering the execution flow of the program to execute the malicious code or data. Code review is the technique that would minimize the ability of an attacker to exploit a buffer overflow, as it involves examining the source code of the program to identify and fix any errors, flaws, or weaknesses that may lead to buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Code review can help to detect and prevent the use of unsafe or risky functions, such as gets, strcpy, or sprintf, that do not perform any boundary checking on the buffer, and replace them with safer or more secure alternatives, such as fgets, strncpy, or snprintf, that limit the amount of data that can be written to the buffer. Code review can also help to enforce and verify the use of secure coding practices and standards, such as input validation, output encoding, error handling, or memory management, that can reduce the likelihood or impact of buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Memory review, message division, and buffer division are not techniques that would minimize the ability of an attacker to exploit a buffer overflow, although they may be related or useful concepts. Memory review is not a technique, but a process of analyzing the memory layout or content of a program, such as the stack, the heap, or the registers, to understand or debug its behavior or performance. Memory review may help to identify or investigate the occurrence or effect of a buffer overflow, but it does not prevent or mitigate it. Message division is not a technique, but a concept of splitting a message into smaller or fixed-size segments or blocks, such as in cryptography or networking. Message division may help to improve the security or efficiency of the message transmission or processing, but it does not prevent or mitigate buffer overflow. Buffer division is not a technique, but a concept of dividing a buffer into smaller or separate buffers, such as in buffering or caching. Buffer division may help to optimize the memory usage or allocation of the program, but it does not prevent or mitigate buffer overflow.

Extensible Authentication Protocol-Message Digest 5 (EAP-MD5) is a type of EAP method that uses the MD5 hashing algorithm to provide user authentication. EAP is a framework that allows different authentication methods to be used in network access scenarios, such as wireless, VPN, or dial-up. EAP-MD5 only provides user authentication, which means that it verifies the identity of the user who is requesting access to the network, but not the identity of the network server who is granting access. Therefore, EAP-MD5 does not provide mutual authentication, server authentication, or streaming ciphertext data. EAP-MD5 is considered insecure and vulnerable to various attacks, such as offline dictionary attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, or replay attacks, and should not be used in modern networks. 

The most significant benefit of an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers is non-repudiation. Non-repudiation is a security property that ensures that the parties involved in a communication or transaction cannot deny their participation or the validity of the data. Non-repudiation can provide some benefits for web security, such as enhancing the accountability and trustworthiness of the parties, preventing fraud or disputes, and enabling legal or forensic evidence. Certificate based encryption is a technique that uses digital certificates to encrypt and decrypt data. Digital certificates are issued by a trusted certificate authority (CA), and contain the public key and other information of the owner. Certificate based encryption can provide non-repudiation by using the public key and the private key of the parties to perform encryption and decryption, and by using digital signatures to verify the identity and the integrity of the data. Certificate based encryption can also provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for the communication. Session keys are temporary keys that are used to encrypt and decrypt data for a single session or communication. Session keys are usually randomly generated and exchanged between the parties using a key exchange protocol, such as Diffie-Hellman or RSA. Session keys can provide confidentiality and integrity for the communication, but they cannot provide non-repudiation, as the parties can deny their possession or usage of the session keys, or claim that the session keys were compromised or tampered with. Efficiency, confidentiality, and privacy are not the most significant benefits of an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers, although they may be related or useful properties. Efficiency is a performance property that measures how well a system or a process uses the available resources, such as time, space, or energy. Efficiency can be affected by various factors, such as the design, the implementation, the optimization, or the maintenance of the system or the process. Efficiency may or may not be improved by an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers, depending on the trade-offs between the security and the performance of the encryption techniques. Confidentiality is a security property that ensures that the data is only accessible or disclosed to the authorized parties. Confidentiality can be provided by both session keys and certificate based encryption, as they both use encryption to protect the data from unauthorized access or disclosure. However, confidentiality is not the most significant benefit of an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers, as it is not a new or enhanced property that is introduced by the upgrade. Privacy is a security property that ensures that the personal or sensitive information of the parties is protected from unauthorized collection, processing, or sharing. Privacy can be affected by various factors, such as the policies, the regulations, the technologies, or the behaviors of the parties involved in the communication or transaction. Privacy may or may not be improved by an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers, depending on the type and the amount of information that is encrypted and transmitted. However, privacy is not the most significant benefit of an application upgrade that replaces randomly generated session keys with certificate based encryption for communications with backend servers, as it is not a direct or specific property that is provided by the encryption techniques. 

The security mode that is most commonly used in a commercial environment because it protects the integrity of financial and accounting data is Clark-Wilson. A security mode is a formal model or framework that defines the rules and principles for implementing and enforcing security policies and controls on a system or a network. A security mode can be based on various criteria or objectives, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, or accountability. Clark-Wilson is a security mode that focuses on the integrity of data and transactions, and is designed to prevent unauthorized or improper modifications or tampering of data. Clark-Wilson is based on the concept of separation of duties, which requires that different roles or functions are assigned to different parties, and that no single party can perform all the steps of a transaction or a process. Clark-Wilson also involves the concept of well-formed transactions, which requires that all the transactions or operations on data are consistent, complete, and verifiable, and that they preserve the state and the validity of the data. Clark-Wilson can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the data and the transactions, preventing fraud or errors, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. Clark-Wilson is most commonly used in a commercial environment because it protects the integrity of financial and accounting data, which are critical and sensitive for the business operations and performance of the organization. Clark-Wilson can help to ensure that the financial and accounting data are accurate, consistent, and valid, and that they reflect the true and fair view of the financial position and results of the organization. Clark-Wilson can also help to prevent or detect any unauthorized or improper modifications or tampering of the financial and accounting data, such as embezzlement, falsification, or manipulation, which may cause financial losses or legal liabilities for the organization. Biba, Graham-Denning, and Beil-LaPadula are not the security modes that are most commonly used in a commercial environment because they protect the integrity of financial and accounting data, although they may be related or useful security modes. Biba is a security mode that focuses on the integrity of data and transactions, and is designed to prevent unauthorized or improper modifications or tampering of data. Biba is based on the concept of no read down and no write up, which requires that a subject can only read data of lower or equal integrity level, and can only write data of higher or equal integrity level. Biba can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the data and the transactions, preventing corruption or contamination, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. However, Biba is not the security mode that is most commonly used in a commercial environment

It is most important to perform a schedule negotiation with the IT operation’s team to minimize the potential impact when implementing a new vulnerability scanning tool in a production environment. This is because a vulnerability scan can cause network congestion, performance degradation, or system instability, which can affect the availability and functionality of the production systems. Therefore, it is essential to coordinate with the IT operation’s team to determine the best time and frequency for the scan, as well as the scope and intensity of the scan. Logging vulnerability summary reports, enabling scanning during off-peak hours, and establishing access for IT management are also good practices for vulnerability scanning, but they are not as important as negotiating the schedule with the IT operation’s team. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 7: Security Assessment and Testing, page 858; Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 6: Security Assessment and Testing, page 794.

The identity and access provisioning lifecycle is the process of managing the creation, modification, and termination of user accounts and access rights in an organization. The second step in this lifecycle is approval, which means that the identity and access requests must be authorized by the appropriate managers or administrators before they are implemented. Approval ensures that the principle of least privilege is followed and that only authorized users have access to the required resources. 

The most effective way of restricting the wireless environment to authorized users is to enable Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) encryption on the wireless access point. WPA2 is a security protocol that provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for wireless networks. WPA2 uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt the data transmitted over the wireless network, and prevents unauthorized users from intercepting or modifying the traffic. WPA2 also uses a pre-shared key (PSK) or an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate the users who want to join the wireless network, and prevents unauthorized users from accessing the network resources. WPA2 is the current standard for wireless security and is widely supported by most wireless devices. The other options are not as effective as WPA2 encryption for restricting the wireless environment to authorized users. Disabling the broadcast of the SSID name is a technique that hides the name of the wireless network from being displayed on the list of available networks, but it does not prevent unauthorized users from discovering the name by using a wireless sniffer or a brute force tool. Changing the name of the SSID to a random value not associated with the organization is a technique that reduces the likelihood of being targeted by an attacker who is looking for a specific network, but it does not prevent unauthorized users from joining the network if they know the name and the password. Creating ACLs based on MAC addresses is a technique that allows or denies access to the wireless network based on the physical address of the wireless device, but it does not prevent unauthorized users from spoofing a valid MAC address or bypassing the ACL by using a wireless bridge or a repeater. References: Secure Wireless Access Points - Fortinet; Configure Wireless Security Settings on a WAP - Cisco; Best WAP of 2024 | TechRadar.

 When assigning ownership of an asset to a department, the most important factor is to ensure individual accountability for the asset. Individual accountability means that each person who has access to or uses the asset is responsible for its protection and proper handling. Individual accountability also implies that each person who causes or contributes to a security breach or incident involving the asset can be identified and held liable. Individual accountability can be achieved by implementing security controls such as authentication, authorization, auditing, and logging.

The other options are not as important as ensuring individual accountability, as they do not directly address the security risks associated with the asset. The department should report to the business owner is a management issue, not a security issue. Ownership of the asset should be periodically reviewed is a good practice, but it does not prevent misuse or abuse of the asset. All members should be trained on their responsibilities is a preventive measure, but it does not guarantee compliance or enforcement of the responsibilities.