CITM-001 Exam Dumps - Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM)

In a multi-user design, one group usually develops the systems for use by another group. This is because different groups of users may have different needs, preferences, and expectations for the system. For example, a system that is designed for the accounting department may not be suitable for the marketing department, or a system that is designed for the managers may not be user-friendly for the employees. Therefore, a multi-user design involves identifying the target users, analyzing their requirements, designing the system accordingly, and testing the system with the users. A multi-user design also requires coordination and communication among the developers and the users, as well as among different user groups, to ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. References: Multi-User Operating System - GeeksforGeeks; Multiple Group Design: Definition & Examples - Study.com; Chapter 10: Information Systems Development

Knowledge is a strategic resource for many organizations because it enables them to create value, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy. Knowledge management is the process of acquiring, creating, sharing, and applying knowledge to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Knowledge strategies are the plans and actions that align the knowledge resources and capabilities of an organization with its intellectual requirements and strategic direction. A knowledge strategy defines how anorganization intends to use knowledge as a source of competitive advantage and how it will manage its knowledge assets and processes effectively and efficiently. References:

• Knowledge Strategies - Cambridge University Press & Assessment1
• Strategic knowledge management: theory, practice and future challenges - Emerald Insight2
• Managing organizational knowledge as a strategic asset - Emerald Insight3

Temporary work groups are formed for a specific purpose and usually dissolve after the task is completed. They may include employees of customers, suppliers or partner corporations who collaborate with the organization to achieve a common goal. For example, a temporary work group may be created to develop a new product, launch a marketing campaign, or implement a new system. Temporary work groups can benefit from the diverse perspectives, skills, and resources of their members, as well as foster innovation and learning. References: CITM Course Outline, Flexible Work Arrangements: Types and Benefits

 A relation is a type of association that describes how two or more entities are related to each other. A relation can have different properties, such as cardinality, optionality, and directionality, that specify the nature and constraints of the association. A relation can also have attributes that store information about the association. For example, a relation between Employee and Project entities can have an attribute called Role that indicates the role of each employee in each project. A relation can be represented by a line connecting the entities in an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Association and Associative entity - IBM, When to use Associative entities? - Stack Overflow, [Entity-Relationship Model - Tutorialspoint].

 Sequential interdependence occurs when the output of one unit or group becomes the input for another. This type of interdependence requires coordination and communication among the units or groups involved, as any delay or error in one unit can affect the performance of the next unit. An example of sequential interdependence is an assembly line, where each stage of production depends on the previous one12 References:

• 1: 9.4 Intergroup Behavior and Performance - OpenStax
• 2: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure | Small Business - Chron.com

 An international strategy is much like the multinational strategy as there are autonomous local subsidiaries that operate independently from the headquarters. However, unlike the multidomestic strategy, the international strategy does not involve extensive customization of products and services to local markets. Instead, the international strategy relies on offering a standardized product worldwide with little or no change. The international strategy is suitable for firms that face low pressure for global integration and low pressure for local responsiveness. Examples of firms pursuing an international strategy are Harley Davidson, Starbucks, and Rolex. References: International Business Strategy EXPLAINED with EXAMPLES | B2U, 9.4 Types of International Strategies – Strategic Management

The spiral model is a software development lifecycle model that extends the waterfall approach by recognizing the different cycles of planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for iterative and incremental development, where each cycle produces a prototype or a deliverable that can be evaluated by the customer and the project team. The spiral model also incorporates risk management throughoutthe project, as each cycle involves identifying and resolving potential risks before proceeding to the next cycle. The spiral model is suitable for large, complex, and uncertain projects that require frequent feedback and adaptation. References:

• Spiral Model vs. Waterfall Model: Definitions and Differences
• Waterfall Methodology: The Ultimate Guide to the Waterfall Model

 In a database, each row represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table. A row is also called a record or a tuple. A record contains multiple fields, each one defined in a different column. A field is the intersection of a row and a column, and it holds a single value. A column is also called an attribute or a field name, and it defines the type and constraints of the data in that column. References:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13774547/in-databases-whats-the-difference-between-the-words-row-and-record

https://database.guide/what-is-a-row/