CITM-001 Exam Dumps - Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM)

Data are often proprietary or confidential because they contain valuable information that can give a competitive advantage to the owner or affect the privacy of the individuals or entities involved. Data can be classified into different levels of sensitivity and protection, depending on the potential impact of unauthorized disclosure, modification, or loss. For example, data that contain personal, financial, or health information of customers or employees are usually considered highly confidential and require strict security measures. Data that contain trade secrets, intellectual property, or strategic plans are also typically proprietary and confidential, as they can affect the market position or reputation of the owner. Data that are public or non-sensitive, such as general information about products or services, may not require the same level of protection, but still need to be managed and maintained properly. References: CITM Course Outline, Module 6 - Data Management, Section 6.1 - Data Classification and Protection; Sample Exam, Question 72.

A transitional strategy is helpful in seeking global efficiency while retaining local responsiveness because it combines the benefits of both standardization and adaptation. A transitional strategy aims to achieve high levels of global integration and local responsiveness by leveraging the interdependence and learning among different units of the organization. A transitional strategy requires a complex and flexible organizational structure, a strong global culture, and effective coordination and communication mechanisms12. References: 1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: Global IT Strategy 2: Balancing Global Synergies and Local Responsiveness | SpringerLink

The select clause corresponds to the projection operation of the relational algebra. It is used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query. For example, the query select name, age from student will return the name and age attributes of all tuples in the student relation12. References: 1: CSE132A F05 SQLpart1 - University of California, San Diego 2: Basic Operations - RDBMS Questions and Answers - Sanfoundry

Reciprocal interdependence occurs when two organizations depend on each other in a cyclical manner, such that the output of one becomes the input of the other and vice versa. This type of interdependence is the most complex and difficult to manage, as it requires constant coordination and communication between the organizations. An example of reciprocal interdependence is the relationship between a software development company and a software testing company, where each one relies on the feedback and quality of the other’s work. References: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure, Interdependence in International Organization and Global Governance

The Structured Approach is a methodology that is based on the notation of functions; programs consist of modules to meet functional requirements. The Structured Approach focuses on the processes involved in a software system, modeling them as a series of connected steps. It follows a top-down approach, breaking down complex systems into smaller, simpler parts that can be more easily understood. It also focuses on the data that a software system manipulates, modeling it as data flows between processes. It emphasizes the functional decomposition of a software system into smaller, independent functions12. References: 1: Difference between Structured and Object-Oriented Analysis12: Traditional vs. Object-Oriented Approaches: Object-Oriented Approach: Analysis2

In a multi-user design, one group usually develops the systems for use by another group. This is because different groups of users may have different needs, preferences, and expectations for the system. For example, a system that is designed for the accounting department may not be suitable for the marketing department, or a system that is designed for the managers may not be user-friendly for the employees. Therefore, a multi-user design involves identifying the target users, analyzing their requirements, designing the system accordingly, and testing the system with the users. A multi-user design also requires coordination and communication among the developers and the users, as well as among different user groups, to ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. References: Multi-User Operating System - GeeksforGeeks; Multiple Group Design: Definition & Examples - Study.com; Chapter 10: Information Systems Development

Knowledge is a strategic resource for many organizations because it enables them to create value, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy. Knowledge management is the process of acquiring, creating, sharing, and applying knowledge to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Knowledge strategies are the plans and actions that align the knowledge resources and capabilities of an organization with its intellectual requirements and strategic direction. A knowledge strategy defines how anorganization intends to use knowledge as a source of competitive advantage and how it will manage its knowledge assets and processes effectively and efficiently. References:

• Knowledge Strategies - Cambridge University Press & Assessment1
• Strategic knowledge management: theory, practice and future challenges - Emerald Insight2
• Managing organizational knowledge as a strategic asset - Emerald Insight3

Temporary work groups are formed for a specific purpose and usually dissolve after the task is completed. They may include employees of customers, suppliers or partner corporations who collaborate with the organization to achieve a common goal. For example, a temporary work group may be created to develop a new product, launch a marketing campaign, or implement a new system. Temporary work groups can benefit from the diverse perspectives, skills, and resources of their members, as well as foster innovation and learning. References: CITM Course Outline, Flexible Work Arrangements: Types and Benefits

 A relation is a type of association that describes how two or more entities are related to each other. A relation can have different properties, such as cardinality, optionality, and directionality, that specify the nature and constraints of the association. A relation can also have attributes that store information about the association. For example, a relation between Employee and Project entities can have an attribute called Role that indicates the role of each employee in each project. A relation can be represented by a line connecting the entities in an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Association and Associative entity - IBM, When to use Associative entities? - Stack Overflow, [Entity-Relationship Model - Tutorialspoint].

 Sequential interdependence occurs when the output of one unit or group becomes the input for another. This type of interdependence requires coordination and communication among the units or groups involved, as any delay or error in one unit can affect the performance of the next unit. An example of sequential interdependence is an assembly line, where each stage of production depends on the previous one12 References:

• 1: 9.4 Intergroup Behavior and Performance - OpenStax
• 2: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure | Small Business - Chron.com

 An international strategy is much like the multinational strategy as there are autonomous local subsidiaries that operate independently from the headquarters. However, unlike the multidomestic strategy, the international strategy does not involve extensive customization of products and services to local markets. Instead, the international strategy relies on offering a standardized product worldwide with little or no change. The international strategy is suitable for firms that face low pressure for global integration and low pressure for local responsiveness. Examples of firms pursuing an international strategy are Harley Davidson, Starbucks, and Rolex. References: International Business Strategy EXPLAINED with EXAMPLES | B2U, 9.4 Types of International Strategies – Strategic Management

The spiral model is a software development lifecycle model that extends the waterfall approach by recognizing the different cycles of planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for iterative and incremental development, where each cycle produces a prototype or a deliverable that can be evaluated by the customer and the project team. The spiral model also incorporates risk management throughoutthe project, as each cycle involves identifying and resolving potential risks before proceeding to the next cycle. The spiral model is suitable for large, complex, and uncertain projects that require frequent feedback and adaptation. References:

• Spiral Model vs. Waterfall Model: Definitions and Differences
• Waterfall Methodology: The Ultimate Guide to the Waterfall Model

 In a database, each row represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table. A row is also called a record or a tuple. A record contains multiple fields, each one defined in a different column. A field is the intersection of a row and a column, and it holds a single value. A column is also called an attribute or a field name, and it defines the type and constraints of the data in that column. References:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13774547/in-databases-whats-the-difference-between-the-words-row-and-record

https://database.guide/what-is-a-row/

Rotational delay is the time it takes for the desired sector of the disk to rotate under the read-write head after the head has been positioned at the correct track. It depends on the rotational speed of the disk and the position of the sector relative to the head. It is one of the components of data access delay, along with seek time, transmission delay, and processing delay. References: Delays in Computer Network - GeeksforGeeks, Access time - Wikipedia

Managerial control decisions are those that involve measuring and correcting the performance of activities of subordinates to ensure that the enterprise objectives and plans are being accomplished. Managerial control decisions fall between operational and strategic planning because they are concerned with both executing the strategy and tracking its progress. Operational control decisions are those that focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of specific processes, tasks, and functions. Strategic control decisions are those that evaluate the alignment of the strategy with the external and internal environment, and make adjustments if necessary. References: Managerial Control: Definition, Features, Scope, and Process, Types and Levels of Control – Principles of Management, The Control Function of Management - MIT Sloan Management Review

The conceptual level is a high-level description of the data and its relationships in the database, without specifying how the data is physically stored or implemented. It defines the main entities, attributes, and constraints for the entire database, and is independent of any specific database management system or application. The conceptual level is also known as the logical level, and it is usually represented by an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Conceptual schema - Wikipedia, Navigating the Three Levels of Database Design: Conceptual, Logical, and Physical

Structured design and object-oriented design are two common approaches to design a system. Structured design is a method of breaking down a system into smaller and simpler modules, which can be independently created and tested. Structured design follows a top-down approach, where the system is divided into sub-systems, and then into modules, until the desired level of detail is reached. Structured design is suitable for systems that have well-defined inputs and outputs, and a clear hierarchy of functions. Object-oriented design is a method of modeling a system as a collection of objects, which have attributes and behaviors. Object-oriented design follows a bottom-up approach, where the system is built from reusable and interchangeable components, called classes. Object-oriented design is suitable for systems that have complex interactions, dynamic behavior, and multiple inheritance. Functional design and organizational design are not considered to design a system, but rather to describe the system’s purpose and structure. Functional design is a process of defining the functions and processes that the system performs, and how they relate to each other. Functional design focuses on the what and why of the system, rather than the how. Organizational design is a process of defining the roles and responsibilities of the people and units involved in the system, and how they communicate and coordinate with each other. Organizational design focuses on the who and where of the system, rather than the how. References: Structured Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Object-Oriented Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Functional Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, [Organizational Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics]

evelopment, testing, installation, and maintenance12 The installation stage is the sixth and final stage of the SDLC, where the system is deployed to the target environment and made available to the end users. This stage involves activities such as hardware and software installation, configuration, data migration, user training, and documentation. The installation stage ensures that the system is functional, secure, and meets the user expectations34 References: 1: Systems development life cycle - Wikipedia 2: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) - GeeksforGeeks 3: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) 4: System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

 System analysis is the process of understanding problems and needs and arriving at solutions that meet them. It involves identifying, defining, and specifying the requirements of a system, as well as designing, developing, testing, and implementing the system. According to Wikipedia1, system analysis can be broken into five phases: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, and physical design. However, according to MasterStart2, there are seven stages of system development life cycle (SDLC), which include planning, requirements analysis, designing, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation. Therefore, depending on the perspective and the methodology, system analysis can involve three to seven stages, but the most common number is three: requirements analysis, logical design, and physical design. References: Wikipedia; MasterStart

A byte is the smallest unit of data storage that consists of eight bits. A bit is a binary digit that can have two values: 0 or 1. A byte can store one character, such as a letter, a number, or a symbol. An octet is another name for a byte, but it is not commonly used. A character is a symbol that represents a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark, but it is not a unit of data storage. A field is a group of bytes that stores a specific type of data, such as a name, a date, or a number, but it is not the smallest unit of data storage. References: Data Storage Units of Measurement Table, What are the units of measurements for data storage?, Data Storage Units

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of data flow in any system. It uses defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs, outputs, storage points and the routes between each destination1. Data flow: data flows indicate the data movement between external entities, processes, and the data store. They’re represented as arrows in the DFD with a short text label2. Therefore, the symbol that represents flow of data in DFD is arrow. References: 1: What is a Data Flow Diagram | Lucidchart 2: What Are Data Flow Diagrams? | Baeldung on Computer Science