CISM Exam Dumps - Certified Information Security Manager

Results from a gap analysis would provide the most useful information for planning purposes when preparing an action plan to achieve compliance with local regulatory requirements by an established deadline. A gap analysis is an assessment of the difference between an organization’s current state of compliance and its desired level or standard. It is a process used to identify potential areas for improvement by comparing actual performance with expected performance. A gap analysis can help to prioritize the actions needed to close the gaps and comply with the regulatory requirements, as well as to estimate the resources and time required for each action1. The other options are not as useful as results from a gap analysis for planning purposes when preparing an action plan to achieve compliance with local regulatory requirements by an established deadline. Deadlines and penalties for noncompliance are important factors to consider, but they do not provide information on how to achieve compliance or what actions are needed2. Results from a business impact analysis (BIA) are useful for identifying the critical processes and assets that need to be protected, but they do not provide information on how to comply with the regulatory requirements or what actions are needed3. An inventory of security controls currently in place is useful for assessing the current state of compliance, but it does not provide information on how to comply with the regulatory requirements or what actions are needed4. References: 3: Business impact analysis (BIA) - Wikipedia 2: Compliance Gap Analysis & Effectiveness Evaluation | SMS 1: What is Gap Analysis in Compliance | Scytale 4: Gap Analysis & Risk Assessment — Riddle Compliance

Unexpected outcomes may arise in production when using only sanitized data for the testing of applications. Sanitized data is data that has been purposely and permanently deleted or modified to prevent unauthorized access or misuse. Sanitized data may not reflect the real characteristics, patterns, or behaviors of the original data, and thus may not be suitable for testing applications that rely on data quality and accuracy. According to NIST, data sanitization methods can affect the usability of data for testing purposes1. The other options are not risks introduced by using sanitized data for testing applications, but rather risks that can be mitigated by using sanitized data. Data loss, data disclosure, and breaches of compliance obligations are possible consequences of using unsanitized data that contains sensitive or confidential information. References: 2: What is Data Sanitization? | Data Erasure Methods | Imperva 3: Data sanitization techniques: Standards, practices, legislation 1: Data sanitization – Wikipedia

= The PRIMARY objective of performing a post-incident review is to identify the root cause of the incident, which is the underlying factor or condition that enabled the incident to occur. Identifying the root cause helps to prevent or mitigate future incidents, as well as to improve the incident response process. Re-evaluating the impact of incidents, identifying vulnerabilities, and identifying control improvements are secondary objectives of a post-incident review, which are derived from the root cause analysis. References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, page 3061; CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual, 10th Edition, page 1512

The primary objective of performing a post-incident review is to identify the root cause of the incident. After an incident has occurred, the post-incident review process involves gathering and analyzing evidence to determine the cause of the incident. This analysis will help to identify both the underlying vulnerability that allowed the incident to occur, as well as any control improvements that should be implemented to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Additionally, the post-incident review process can also be used to re-evaluate the impact of the incident, as well as any potential implications for the organization.

post-incident review of an information security incident is a process that aims to identify the root causes, contributing factors, and lessons learned from the incident, and to implement corrective and preventive actions to avoid or mitigate similar incidents in the future. The primary objective of a post-incident review is to prevent recurrence, as it helps to improve the security posture, awareness, and resilience of the organization. Preventing recurrence also helps to reduce the impact and cost of future incidents, as well as to enhance the reputation and trust of the organization. Updating the risk profile, minimizing impact, and determining the impact are not the primary objectives of a post-incident review, although they may be part of its outcomes or outputs. References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, page 1011

A balanced scorecard is a tool that can be used to demonstrate the added value of an information security program by measuring and reporting on key performance indicators (KPIs) and key risk indicators (KRIs) aligned with strategic objectives. Security baselines, a gap analysis and a SWOT analysis are all useful for assessing and improving security posture, but they do not necessarily show how security contributes to business value.

= Change management controls are the most effective in preventing the introduction of vulnerabilities that may disrupt the availability of a critical business application. Change management controls are the policies, procedures, and practices that govern the initiation, approval, implementation, testing, and documentation of changes to the information systems and infrastructure. Change management controls help to ensure that changes are authorized, planned, controlled, and monitored, and that they do not introduce any unintended or adverse effects on the security, functionality, performance, or reliability of the system or application. Change management controls also help to identify and mitigate any potential risks or issues that may arise from the changes, and to ensure that the changes are aligned with the business objectives and requirements. By implementing change management controls, the organization can prevent the introduction of vulnerabilities that may disrupt the availability of a critical business application, as well as enhance the quality and efficiency of the change process. References = CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, page 105, page 106.

Inherent risk is the risk that exists before any controls are applied. It is influenced by factors such as the nature, value, sensitivity, and exposure of the information asset. Business criticality is one of the most important factors that affect the inherent risk of an information asset, as it reflects how essential the asset is for the organization’s operations and objectives. The higher the business criticality, the higher the inherent risk. Risk tolerance, NPV, and ROI are not directly related to the inherent risk of an information asset, as they are more relevant for the risk assessment and risk treatment processes. References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, page 971Business criticality is the degree to which an asset is essential to the success of the business and the extent to which its loss or compromise could have a significant impact on the business. Business criticality is one of the main factors that help to determine the inherent risk of an asset, as assets that are more critical to the business tend to have a higher inherent risk.

 An information security policy is the MOST helpful for aligning security operations with the IT governance framework because it defines the security objectives, principles, standards, and guidelines that guide the security operations activities and processes. An information security policy also establishes the roles and responsibilities, authorities and accountabilities, and reporting and communication mechanisms for security operations. An information security policy should be aligned with the IT governance framework, which provides the direction, structure, and oversight for the effective management and delivery of IT services and resources. An information security policy should also be consistent with the enterprise governance framework, which sets the vision, mission, values, and goals of the organization12. A security risk assessment (A) is helpful for identifying and evaluating the security risks that may affect the security operations and the IT governance framework, but it is not the MOST helpful for aligning them. A security risk assessment should be based on the information security policy, which defines the risk appetite, tolerance, and criteria for the organization12. A security operations program (B) is helpful for implementing and executing the security operations activities and processes that support the IT governance framework, but it is not the MOST helpful for aligning them. A security operations program should be derived from the information security policy, which provides the strategic direction and guidance for the security operations12. A business impact analysis (BIA) (D) is helpful for determining the criticality and priority of the business processes and functions that depend on the security operations and the IT governance framework, but it is not the MOST helpful for aligning them. A BIA should be conducted in accordance with the information security policy, which specifies the business continuity and disaster recovery requirements and objectives for the organization12. References = 1: CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, page 75-76, 81-82, 88-89, 93-941; 2: CISM Domain 1: Information Security Governance (ISG) [2022 update]2