CISM Exam Dumps - Certified Information Security Manager

The best way to ensure that frequently encountered incidents are reflected in the user security awareness training program is to include examples of help desk requests. Help desk requests are requests for assistance or support from users who encounter problems or issues related to information security, such as password resets, malware infections, phishing emails, unauthorized access, data loss, or system errors. Help desk requests can provide valuable insights into the types, frequencies, and impacts of the incidents that affect the users, as well as the users’ knowledge, skills, and behaviors regarding information security. By including examples of help desk requests in the user security awareness training program, the information security manager can achieve the following benefits12:

Increase the relevance and effectiveness of the training content: By using real-life scenarios and cases that the users have experienced or witnessed, the information security manager can make the training content more relevant, engaging, and applicable to the users’ needs and situations. The information security manager can also use the examples of help desk requests to illustrate the consequences and costs of the incidents, and to highlight the best practices and solutions to prevent or resolve them. This can help the users to understand the importance and value of information security, and to improve their knowledge, skills, and attitudes accordingly.

Identify and address the gaps and weaknesses in the training program: By analyzing the patterns and trends of the help desk requests, the information security manager can identify and address the gaps and weaknesses in the existing training program, such as outdated or inaccurate information, insufficient or ineffective coverage of topics, or lack of feedback or evaluation. The information security manager can also use the examples of help desk requests to measure and monitor the impact and outcomes of the training program, such as changes in the number, type, or severity of the incidents, or changes in the users’ satisfaction, performance, or behavior.

Enhance the communication and collaboration with the users and the help desk staff: By including examples of help desk requests in the user security awareness training program, the information security manager can enhance the communication and collaboration with the users and the help desk staff, who are the key stakeholders and partners in information security. The information security manager can use the examples of help desk requests to solicit feedback, suggestions, or questions from the users and the help desk staff, and to provide them with timely and relevant information, guidance, or support. The information security manager can also use the examples of help desk requests to recognize and appreciate the efforts and contributions of the users and the help desk staff in reporting, responding, or resolving the incidents, and to encourage and motivate them to continue their involvement and participation in information security.

The other options are not the best way to ensure that frequently encountered incidents are reflected in the user security awareness training program, as they are less reliable, relevant, or effective sources of information. Results of exit interviews are feedback from employees who are leaving the organization, and they may not reflect the current or future incidents that the remaining or new employees may face. Previous training sessions are records of the past training activities, and they may not capture the changes or updates in the information security environment, threats, or requirements. Responses to security questionnaires are answers to predefined questions or surveys, and they may not cover all the possible or emerging incidents that the users may encounter or experience12. References = Information Security Awareness Training: Best Practices - Infosec Resources, How to Create an Effective Security Awareness Training Program - Infosec Resources, Security Awareness Training: How to Build a Successful Program - ISACA, Security Awareness Training: How to Educate Your Employees - ISACA

The first step when a new vulnerability is identified is to re-evaluate the risk associated with the vulnerability. This may require an update to the risk assessment and the implementation of additional controls. Informing senior management of the vulnerability is important, but should not be the first step. Implementing compensating controls may also be necessary, but again, should not be the first step. Asking the business owner for a remediation plan may be useful, but only after the risk has been re-evaluated.

The information security manager should first re-evaluate the risk posed by the new vulnerability to determine its impact and likelihood. Based on this assessment, appropriate actions can be taken such as informing senior management, implementing compensating controls, or requesting a remediation plan from the business owner. The other choices are possible actions but not necessarily the first one.

A vulnerability is a weakness that can be exploited by an attacker to compromise a system or network2. A vulnerability can affect key data processing systems within an organization if it exposes sensitive information, disrupts business operations, or damages assets2. A vulnerability assessment is a process of identifying and evaluating vulnerabilities and their potential consequences2

“A successful security program requires management support and involvement. One of the key aspects of management support is to decide on the value of assets and the acceptable level of risk for them. This will help define the security objectives and priorities for the program. The other options are possible activities within a security program, but they are not as important as management decision on asset value.”

The primary objective of incident triage is to categorize events based on their severity, impact, urgency, and priority. Incident triage helps the security operations center (SOC) to allocate the appropriate resources, assign the relevant roles and responsibilities, and determine the best course of action for each event. Incident triage also helps to filter out false positives, reduce noise, and focus on the most critical events that pose a threat to the organization’s information security.

Coordination of communications, mitigation of vulnerabilities, and containment of threats are important tasks that are performed during the incident response process, but they are not the primary objective of incident triage. Coordination of communications ensures that the relevant stakeholders are informed and updated about the incident status, roles, actions, and outcomes. Mitigation of vulnerabilities addresses the root causes of the incident and prevents or reduces the likelihood of recurrence. Containment of threats isolates and stops the spread of the incident and minimizes the damage to the organization’s assets and operations. These tasks are dependent on the outcome of the incident triage, which determines the scope, severity, and priority of the incident. References = CISM Certified Information Security Manager Study Guide, Chapter 8: Security Operations and Incident Management, page 2691; CISM Foundations: Module 4 Course, Part One: Security Operations and Incident Management2; Critical Incident Stress Management - National Interagency Fire Center3; Critical Incident Stress Management - US Forest Service4

Implementing the principle of least privilege primarily requires the identification of job duties. Job duties are the specific tasks and responsibilities that an individual performs as part of their role in the organization. By identifying the job duties, the organization can determine the minimum access privileges necessary for each individual to perform their assigned function, and nothing more. This helps to reduce the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, or compromise of information and resources. The principle of least privilege is a key security principle that states that every module (such as a user, a process, or a program) must be able to access only the information and resources that are necessary for its legitimate purpose12.

The other options are not the primary factors that require identification for implementing the principle of least privilege. Data owners are the individuals or entities that have the authority and responsibility to define the classification, usage, and protection of data. Data owners may be involved in granting or revoking access privileges to data, but they are not the ones who identify the job duties of the data users. Primary risk factors are the sources or causes of potential harm or loss to the organization. Primary risk factors may influence the level of access privileges granted to users, but they are not the ones who define the job duties of the users. Authentication controls are the mechanisms that verify the identity of users or systems before granting access to resources. Authentication controls may enforce the principle of least privilege, but they are not the ones who determine the job duties of the users. References =

Principle of least privilege

What Is the Principle of Least Privilege and Why is it Important? - F5 1

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 The CEO is the best able to influence the security culture within an organization because the CEO sets the tone and direction for the organization and has the authority and responsibility to ensure that the organization’s objectives are aligned with its strategy. The CEO can also communicate the importance and value of information security to all stakeholders and foster a culture of security awareness and accountability. The CISO, CIO and COO are important roles in information security management, but they do not have the same level of influence and authority as the CEO. References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, page 221; CISM Exam Content Outline, Domain 1, Task 12

The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) is responsible for leading and coordinating an organization's information security program, and as such, is in a prime position to influence the security culture within the organization. The CISO is responsible for setting policies and standards, educating employees about security risks and best practices, and ensuring that the organization is taking appropriate measures to mitigate security risks. By demonstrating a strong commitment to information security, the CISO can help to create a security-aware culture within the organization.

According to the Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) Study Manual, a mature information security culture is one in which staff members regularly consider risk in their decisions. This means that they are aware of the risks associated with their actions and take preventative steps to reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes. Other indicators of a mature information security culture include mandatory information security training for all staff, documented and communicated information security policies, and regular interaction between the CISO and the board.

Maintaining an information security governance framework enables an organization to identify, assess, and manage its information security risks. By establishing policies, procedures, and controls that are aligned with the organization's objectives and risk tolerance, an information security governance framework helps ensure that information security risks are managed to an acceptable level.

According to the Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) Study Manual, "Information security governance provides a framework for managing and controlling information security practices and technologies at an enterprise level. Its primary objective is to manage and reduce risk through a process of identification, assessment, and management of those risks."

While the other options listed (prioritizing resources, communicating guidelines, and remaining compliant with regulations) are also important benefits of maintaining an information security governance framework, they are all secondary to the primary benefit of managing business risks to an acceptable level.

 The best way to ensure the capability to restore clean data after a ransomware attack is to maintain multiple offline backups. Offline backups are backups that are not connected to the network or the internet, and therefore are not accessible by ransomware. Multiple offline backups provide redundancy and allow the organization to choose the most recent and uncorrupted backup to restore the data. Offline backups should be stored in a secure location and tested regularly to ensure their integrity and availability.

Purchasing cyber insurance may help the organization cover some of the costs associated with a ransomware attack, such as ransom payment, data recovery, legal fees, etc., but it does not guarantee the capability to restore clean data. Cyber insurance policies may have exclusions, limitations, or conditions that affect the coverage and reimbursement. Moreover, cyber insurance does not prevent or mitigate the ransomware attack itself, and it may not cover all the losses or damages caused by the attack.

Encrypting sensitive production data may protect the confidentiality of the data from unauthorized access or disclosure, but it does not prevent ransomware from encrypting the data again. Ransomware does not need to decrypt the data to encrypt it, and it may use a different encryption algorithm or key than the one used by the organization. Encrypting production data may also increase the complexity and time required for data recovery, especially if the encryption keys are lost or compromised.

Performing integrity checks on backups may help the organization verify that the backups are not corrupted or tampered with, but it does not ensure the capability to restore clean data after a ransomware attack. Integrity checks are a preventive measure that should be done before the attack, not after. If the backups are already infected or encrypted by ransomware, performing integrity checks will not help to recover the data. Integrity checks should be complemented by other measures, such as isolation, versioning, and offline storage, to protect the backups from ransomware. References = CISM Certified Information Security Manager Study Guide, Chapter 9: Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery, page 3081; CISM Foundations: Module 4 Course, Part Two: Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans2; Ransomware recovery: 8 steps to successfully restore from backup3; Ransomware Recovery: 5 Steps to Recover Data4