Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer Exam Dumps - Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer

The best option for productionizing a Keras model is to use TensorFlow Extended (TFX), a framework for building end-to-end machine learning pipelines that can handle large-scale data and complex workflows. TFX provides standard components for data ingestion, transformation, validation, analysis, training, tuning, serving, and monitoring. TFX pipelines can be orchestrated with Vertex AI Pipelines, a managed service that runs on Google Cloud Platform and leverages Kubernetes and Argo. Vertex AI Pipelines allows you to automate the execution of your TFX pipeline steps, schedule retraining jobs, and scale up or down the resources as needed. By using TFX and Vertex AI Pipelines, you can take advantage of the following benefits:

You can reuse the existing code in your Jupyter notebook, as TFX supports Keras as a first-class citizen. You can also use the Keras Tuner to optimize your model hyperparameters.

You can ensure data quality and consistency by using the TFX Data Validation component, which can detect anomalies, drift, and skew in your data. You can also use the TFX SchemaGen component to generate a schema for your data and enforce it throughout the pipeline.

You can analyze your model performance and fairness by using the TFX Model Analysis component, which can produce various metrics and visualizations. You can also use the TFX Model Validation component to compare your new model with a baseline model and set thresholds for deploying the model to production.

You can deploy your model to various serving platforms by using the TFX Pusher component, which can push your model to Vertex AI, Cloud AI Platform, TensorFlow Serving, or TensorFlow Lite. You can also use the TFX Model Registry to manage the versions and metadata of your models.

You can monitor your model performance and health by using the TFX Model Monitor component, which can detect data drift, concept drift, and prediction skew in your model. You can also use the TFX Evaluator component to compute metrics and validate your model against a baseline or a slice of data.

You can reduce the cost and complexity of managing your own infrastructure by using Vertex AI Pipelines, which provides a serverless environment for running your TFX pipeline. You can also use the Vertex AI Experiments and Vertex AI TensorBoard to track and visualize your pipeline runs.

References:

[TensorFlow Extended (TFX)]

[Vertex AI Pipelines]

[TFX User Guide]

Vertex AI Endpoint is a service that allows you to serve your ML models online and scale them automatically. You can use Vertex AI Endpoint to deploy the custom ML model that you developed for recommending recipes to the users. You can maintain the same machine type on the endpoint, which is a single machine with 8 vCPUs and no accelerators. This machine type can optimize the costs by using the queries per second (QPS) that the model can serve. You can also configure the endpoint to enable autoscaling based on vCPU usage. Autoscaling is a feature that allows the endpoint to adjust the number of compute nodes based on the traffic demand. By enabling autoscaling based on vCPU usage, you can ensure that the endpoint can scale efficiently to the increased demand during the holiday season, without overprovisioning or underprovisioning the resources. You can also set up a monitoring job and an alert for CPU usage. Monitoring is a service that allows you to collect and analyze the metrics and logs from your Google Cloud resources. You can use Monitoring to monitor the CPU usage of your endpoint, which is an indicator of the load and performance of your model. You can also set up an alert for CPU usage, which is a feature that allows you to receive notifications when the CPU usage exceeds a certain threshold. By setting up a monitoring job and an alert for CPU usage, you can keep track of the health and status of your endpoint, and detect any issues or anomalies. If you receive an alert, you can investigate the cause by using the Monitoring dashboard, which provides a graphical interface for viewing and analyzing the metrics and logs from your endpoint. You can also use the Monitoring dashboard to troubleshoot and resolve the issues, such as adjusting the autoscaling parameters, optimizing the model, or updating the machine type. By using Vertex AI Endpoint, autoscaling, and Monitoring, you can ensure that the model can scale efficiently to the increased demand during the holiday season, and handle any issues or alerts that might arise. References:

[Vertex AI Endpoint documentation]

[Autoscaling documentation]

[Monitoring documentation]

[Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate]

This answer is correct because it uses a regression model to estimate the number of passengers at each shuttle station, which is a continuous variable. A tree-based regression model can handle both numerical and categorical features, such as the time of day, the location of the station, and the weather conditions. Based on the predicted number of passengers, the organization can dispatch a shuttle that has enough capacity and provide a map that shows the required stops. This way, the organization can optimize the shuttle service route and reduce the waiting time and fuel consumption. References:

[Tree-based regression models]

Quantization is a technique that reduces the numerical precision of the weights and activations of a neural network, which can improve the inference speed and reduce the memory footprint of the model1.

Reducing the floating point precision from tf.float64 to tf.float16 can potentially halve the latency and memory usage of the model, while having minimal impact on the accuracy2.

Increasing the dropout rate to 0.8 in either mode would not affect the latency, but would likely degrade the performance of the model significantly, as dropout is a regularization technique that randomly drops out units during training to prevent overfitting3.

Switching from CPU to GPU serving may or may not improve the latency, depending on the hardware specifications and the model complexity, but it would also incur additional costs and complexity for deployment4

 Comparing the training and evaluation losses of the current run is a good way to check if the model is overfitting or underfitting. If the losses are similar, it means that the model is generalizing well and can be deployed to a Vertex AI endpoint. Vertex AI endpoint is a service that allows you to serve your ML models online and scale them automatically. By using a training/serving skew threshold model monitoring, you can detect if there is a significant difference between the data used for training and the data used for serving. This can indicate that the model is becoming stale or inaccurate over time. When the model monitoring threshold is triggered, it means that the model needs to be retrained with the latest data. By redeploying the pipeline, you can automate the retraining process and update the model with the new data. This way, you can minimize the cost of retraining and ensure that your model is always up-to-date and accurate. References:

Vertex AI documentation

Vertex AI endpoint documentation

Model monitoring documentation

Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate

The best option for protecting sensitive customer data that might be used in the ML models is to coarsen the data by putting AGE into quantiles and rounding LATITUDE_LONGITUDE into single precision. This option has the following advantages:

It preserves the utility and relevance of the data for the ML models, as the coarsened data still captures the essential information and patterns that the models need to learn. For example, putting AGE into quantiles can group the customers into different age ranges, which can be useful for predicting their preferences or behavior. Rounding LATITUDE_LONGITUDE into single precision can reduce the precision of the location data, but still retain the general geographic region of the customers, which can be useful for personalizing the recommendations or offers.

It reduces the risk of exposing the personal or private information of the customers, as the coarsened data makes it harder to identify or re-identify the individual customers from the data. For example, putting AGE into quantiles can hide the exact age of the customers, which can be considered sensitive or confidential. Rounding LATITUDE_LONGITUDE into single precision can obscure the exact location of the customers, which can be considered sensitive or confidential.

The other options are less optimal for the following reasons:

Option A: Tokenizing all of the fields using hashed dummy values to replace the real values eliminates the utility and relevance of the data for the ML models, as the tokenized data loses all the information and patterns that the models need to learn. For example, tokenizing AGE using hashed dummy values can make the data meaningless and irrelevant, as the models cannot learn anything from the random tokens. Tokenizing LATITUDE_LONGITUDE using hashed dummy values can make the data meaningless and irrelevant, as the models cannot learn anything from the random tokens.

Option B: Using principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the four sensitive fields to one PCA vector reduces the utility and relevance of the data for the ML models, as the PCA vector may not capture all the information and patterns that the models need to learn. For example, using PCA to reduce AGE, IS_EXISTING_CUSTOMER, LATITUDE_LONGITUDE, and SHIRT_SIZE to one PCA vector can lose some information or introduce noise in the data, as the PCA vector is a linear combination of the original features, which may not reflect their true relationship or importance. Moreover, using PCA to reduce the four sensitive fields to one PCA vector may not reduce the risk of exposing the personal or private information of the customers, as the PCA vector may still be reversible or linkable to the original data, depending on the amount of variance explained by the PCA vector and the availability of the PCA transformation matrix.

Option D: Removing all sensitive data fields, and asking the data science team to build their models using non-sensitive data reduces the utility and relevance of the data for the ML models, as the non-sensitive data may not contain enough information and patterns that the models need to learn. For example, removing AGE, IS_EXISTING_CUSTOMER, LATITUDE_LONGITUDE, and SHIRT_SIZE from the data can make the data insufficient and unrepresentative, as the models may not be able to learn the factors that influence the customers’ preferences or behavior. Moreover, removing all sensitive data fields from the data may not be necessary or feasible, as the data protection legislation may allow the use of sensitive data for the ML models, as long as the data is processed in a secure and ethical manner, and the customers’ consent and rights are respected.

References:

Protecting Sensitive Data and AI Models with Confidential Computing | NVIDIA Technical Blog

Training machine learning models from sensitive data | Fast Data Science

Securing ML applications. Model security and protection - Medium

Security of AI/ML systems, ML model security | Cossack Labs

Vulnerabilities, security and privacy for machine learning models

To create a Vertex AI Workbench environment for your team and limit access to other employees in your project, you should follow these steps:

Create a new service account and grant it the Vertex AI User role. This role grants full access to all resources in Vertex AI, including creating and managing notebook instances1.

Grant the Service Account User role to each team member on the service account. This role allows the team members to impersonate the service account and use its permissions2.

Grant the Notebook Viewer role to each team member. This role allows the team members to view and connect to the notebook instance, but not to modify or delete it3.

Provision a Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebook instance that uses the new service account. This way, the notebook instance will run as the service account and only the team members who have the Service Account User and Notebook Viewer roles will be able to access it.

References:

1: Vertex AI access control with IAM | Google Cloud

2: Understanding service accounts | Cloud IAM Documentation

3: Manage access to a Vertex AI Workbench instance | Google Cloud

[4]: Create and manage Vertex AI Workbench instances | Google Cloud

Option A is incorrect because distributing the dataset with tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset is not the most effective way to decrease the training time. This method allows you to distribute your dataset across multiple devices or machines, by creating a tf.data.Dataset instance that can be iterated over in parallel1. However, this option may not improve the training time significantly, as it does not change the amount of data or computation that each device or machine has to process. Moreover, this option may introduce additional overhead or complexity, as it requires you to handle the data sharding, replication, and synchronization across the devices or machines1.

Option B is incorrect because creating a custom training loop is not the easiest way to decrease the training time. A custom training loop is a way to implement your own logic for training your model, by using low-level TensorFlow APIs, such as tf.GradientTape, tf.Variable, or tf.function2. A custom training loop may give you more flexibility and control over the training process, but it also requires more effort and expertise, as you have to write and debug the code for each step of the training loop, such as computing the gradients, applying the optimizer, or updating the metrics2. Moreover, a custom training loop may not improve the training time significantly, as it does not change the amount of data or computation that each device or machine has to process.

Option C is incorrect because using a TPU with tf.distribute.TPUStrategy is not a valid way to decrease the training time. A TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) is a custom hardware accelerator designed for high-performance ML workloads3. A tf.distribute.TPUStrategy is a distribution strategy that allows you to distribute your training across multiple TPUs, by creating a tf.distribute.TPUStrategy instance that can be used with high-level TensorFlow APIs, such as Keras4. However, this option is not feasible, as Vertex AI Training does not support TPUs as accelerators for custom training jobs5. Moreover, this option may require significant code changes, as TPUs have different requirements and limitations than GPUs.

Option D is correct because increasing the batch size is the best way to decrease the training time. The batch size is a hyperparameter that determines how many samples of data are processed in each iteration of the training loop. Increasing the batch size may reduce the training time, as it reduces the number of iterations needed to train the model, and it allows each device or machine to process more data in parallel. Increasing the batch size is also easy to implement, as it only requires changing a single hyperparameter. However, increasing the batch size may also affect the convergence and the accuracy of the model, so it is important to find the optimal batch size that balances the trade-off between the training time and the model performance.

References:

tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset

Custom training loop

TPU overview

tf.distribute.TPUStrategy

Vertex AI Training accelerators

[TPU programming model]

[Batch size and learning rate]

[Keras overview]

[tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy]

[Vertex AI Training overview]

[TensorFlow overview]